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International Law Under Test:Between the Dominance of Major ...

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International law is considered one of the fundamental pillars upon which the contemporary global system is built. It aims to regulate relations between states, preserve international peace and security, and promote cooperation in political, economic, and humanitarian fields. However, in recent years, this legal system has faced increasing challenges and repeated attacks as a result of conflicting state interests and the growing number of international conflicts, raising serious questions about its effectiveness and its ability to enforce its rules on the global stage.

Conflicting interests among states remain one of the main reasons behind the weakening of respect for international law. Major powers in particular may, in certain situations, tend to bypass international legal rules when they perceive them as conflicting with their strategic or political interests. Such behavior undermines confidence in the international legal system and provides justification for other states to disregard legal obligations as well.

This issue has clearly appeared in several international crises that have sparked widespread debate about the extent to which international law is respected. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is considered one of the most prominent examples, as the military operation was carried out without explicit authorization from the United Nations Security Council. Many legal experts and states viewed this action as a violation of international law, raising serious questions about the legitimacy of the use of force in international relations.

The Palestinian issue and the continued Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories also represent a major challenge to the international legal system. Numerous resolutions have been issued by the United Nations calling for an end to the occupation, a halt to settlement expansion, and respect for the rights of the Palestinian people. However, the implementation of these resolutions has remained limited, reflecting the difficulties in enforcing international law amid global political balances.

Similarly, the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2022 reignited debate regarding respect for state sovereignty and territorial integrity, which are fundamental principles of international law. The majority of United Nations member states considered this military intervention a clear violation of the UN Charter, while Russia justified its actions based on security and political considerations. This situation once again highlighted the deep divisions within the international community regarding the interpretation and application of international legal rules.

Recent developments in the Gaza Strip have also sparked significant legal debate about the role of international justice and respect for its decisions, particularly in light of cases before the International Court of Justice concerning allegations of genocide. These developments reaffirm the importance of international judicial institutions in protecting international law, while also revealing political attempts to undermine or challenge their authority.

In this context, it is impossible to overlook the role played by the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in shaping international decision-making. These states possess extensive powers within the international system, particularly the right of veto, which grants them significant influence in blocking or passing international resolutions according to their political and strategic interests.

In this regard, the International Congress Shield organization called as early as 2013 for fundamental reforms to the United Nations Charter, parts of which no longer reflect the realities of the modern world since the organization’s establishment after World War II. The organization particularly emphasized the need to review the veto system within the Security Council, as it often represents an obstacle to decisive action concerning international peace and security.

The organization also called for expanding participation in global decision-making by including states from South America, Asia, and Africa within the structure of the Security Council. Such reform would better reflect the true balance of the international community and provide these regions with a fairer role in shaping decisions that affect the future of the world.

Violations of international law or the obstruction of United Nations institutions are often linked to the power dynamics among major states, where legal and political mechanisms have sometimes been used to serve narrow interests rather than protect the principles of international justice and the rights of peoples.

The world has also witnessed other controversial cases involving the use of military force under various justifications such as “humanitarian intervention” or “counter-terrorism.” These actions have sparked extensive legal debates regarding the limits and legitimacy of the use of force, particularly when carried out without clear international consensus or without authorization from the Security Council.

One of the fundamental challenges facing international law is the absence of a strong global executive authority capable of enforcing its rules. Unlike national legal systems that operate through clear executive and judicial institutions, international law largely depends on the voluntary commitment of states to respect treaties and agreements. When a state refuses to comply with international rulings or decisions, the available enforcement mechanisms are often limited.

Furthermore, the international legal system faces new challenges resulting from rapid developments in fields such as technology, cyberspace, environmental protection, and climate change. These areas require modern international legal frameworks capable of addressing emerging realities. However, achieving international consensus on such issues remains complex due to differences in interests and perspectives among states.

Despite the numerous challenges and pressures facing international law, it remains an essential instrument for maintaining global stability and regulating relations between states. Strengthening respect for international legal rules and reforming international institutions remains a necessary step toward achieving greater global justice, protecting the rights of peoples, and promoting international peace and security.

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Media and International Relations Department
International Congress SHIELD

11.03.2026 0 comment
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International Congress SHIELD Calls for Comprehensive Intern...

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The International Congress SHIELD urges the United Nations and international criminal courts to launch independent and transparent investigations and hold all individuals involved in sexual exploitation crimes accountable as crimes against humanity.

In the sexual exploitation scandal associated with Jeffrey Epstein, revealed through judicial investigations and official documents issued by the U.S. Department of Justice, a vast network of systematic abuses emerged targeting minors and vulnerable groups. According to these documents, influential figures around the world were implicated. These crimes are no longer isolated or individual cases; they represent an organized pattern that rises to the level of crimes against humanity, necessitating urgent and decisive international action.

The International Congress SHIELD, as an independent human rights organization committed to defending human rights, calls today on all international organizations, primarily the United Nations, international criminal courts, and global human rights institutions, to take urgent steps to ensure justice. This includes launching independent and transparent investigations covering all perpetrators or suspected individuals without any discrimination or political immunity, protecting victims and witnesses from threats or pressure, guaranteeing access to legal and psychological support, and prosecuting all proven offenders associated with Jeffrey Epstein’s network or any connected global figures according to international standards for crimes against humanity. The organization also emphasizes the need to publish investigation results publicly to ensure transparency and strengthen trust in international law.

The International Congress SHIELD stresses that silence or cover-ups of these crimes constitute a blatant violation of international law and a direct threat to justice and human rights. Justice does not recognize influence or position, and any delay in holding perpetrators accountable sends a harsh message to victims: that laws are not applied equally to all.

The world today faces a true test of the credibility of international institutions in defending human rights. From this standpoint, the International Congress SHIELD affirms that there will be no true peace or global justice without full and clear accountability for everyone who participated in, contributed to, or covered up Jeffrey Epstein’s sexual exploitation network.

Justice is not a political option; it is a moral and legal duty. Victims are waiting now, more than ever, for this duty to be fulfilled without discrimination or exception.

Issued by: International Congress SHIELD – Media and International Relations Department

13.02.2026 0 comment
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Russian Forces’ Atrocities in Ukraine: A Savage Assaul...

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In the past few days, Russian forces have unleashed a brutal wave of attacks across Ukraine, indiscriminately targeting civilian populations. Missile strikes and drone assaults on residential areas have led to horrific loss of life, with dozens of innocent civilians, including women and children, slaughtered in their homes. These barbaric acts have not only caused immeasurable human suffering but have also decimated critical infrastructure, deepening the ongoing humanitarian catastrophe.

Such attacks are not merely acts of war—they are blatant war crimes. The deliberate targeting of civilians, in violation of international laws that protect non-combatants, is an unforgivable crime. The carnage inflicted upon innocent people serves as a shocking reminder of the extreme disregard for human life that some forces are willing to embrace.

International organizations have condemned these attacks in the strongest possible terms, calling them what they are: crimes against humanity. The “International Shield Organization” has reiterated the urgent need for accountability, emphasizing that those responsible for these monstrous actions must be held fully accountable under international humanitarian law.

These attacks are not just a tragedy for Ukraine; they are a global affront to human decency, and the world must not stand idly by as such atrocities unfold. The international community must take immediate and decisive action to protect civilians, punish those responsible, and ensure that justice prevails.

18.11.2024 0 comment
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Regional and international complicity in committing internat...

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As the devastating war on Gaza enters its fifth month, Israel is still committing crimes against Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip in violation of customs, conventions, and international law, ignoring all international appeals. It calls to end the aggression that has caused a humanitarian catastrophe and exacerbated the hunger crisis, the spread of diseases, and forced displacement. The international community is still helpless to watch what There is genocide, crimes against humanity, and an attempt to liquidate the Palestinian cause in light of the terrible silence, a state of helplessness, complicity, and Arab and international disappointment.
Palestinians are killed every day, every hour, and their living conditions are inevitably transformed into those of planned extermination.
Regional and international collaboration and the silence of the international community facilitated some countries, led by the United States of America, to commit international crimes against the Palestinians by supplying and providing weapons and political and military support.
We at the International Congress Shield Organization explicitly affirm that Israel’s actions against the Palestinian people constitute genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
States and individuals who assist Israel are considered complicit in genocide.
An immediate ceasefire is essential to save civilian lives and put an end to ongoing crimes. The International Criminal Court is called upon to issue direct arrest warrants for Israeli officials responsible for committing international crimes against the Palestinians.
The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group,” in particular by “killing members of the group” and “intentionally causing harm to a group.” On the conditions of life of the group aimed at its physical destruction, in whole or in part.” For a crime to qualify as such, it must have two foundational conditions: the act that characterizes the crime and the intention to commit it.
The Israeli army targeted journalists, medical workers, ambulances, schools, places of worship, universities, shelters and hospitals. More than 70% of homes in Gaza have been destroyed, and the water, electricity, communications, and power infrastructure have been severely damaged, making living conditions almost impossible for Palestinians. In addition, the blockade of Gaza, planned famine, repeated mass forced displacement, and the killing and maiming of tens of thousands of civilians are the reality of Palestinians desperately struggling just to survive.
This genocide now unfolding threatens the entire Palestinian people. Now, the focus is on the Gaza Strip.
But in the West Bank, dozens of communities were forcibly displaced, and others were threatened with the same fate. Palestinians are killed and deprived of their fundamental rights.
We at the International Congress Shield  Organization call on all countries to implement an immediate ceasefire and to ensure unconditional access to food, medicine, fuel, and humanitarian aid, including water, food, and medical supplies, to the Gaza Strip to alleviate the severe humanitarian crisis, and to work immediately to lift the blockade. The illegal closure imposed on the Gaza Strip for more than 16 years.
Belgium – Global Shield Fact-Finding Committee


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12.02.2024 0 comment
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The right to resist occupation in international law

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The right to fight is a universally recognized human right.
International law confirms that resistance in all its forms is a legitimate right for the people under occupation and that its weapons enjoy legal legitimacy and cannot be removed. After the hegemonic and colonial powers succeeded in canceling the UN resolution that classified the Zionist movement as a racist movement, they are striving to circumvent the right to resist legitimate aggression. And branded him a terrorist. After the tremendous human progress in which humanity recognized that “… every people has the right to exist and every people has an absolute and inalienable right to self-determination… and that it is the right of oppressed colonial peoples to liberate themselves from the shackles of control and to resort to all means recognized by society.”. American hegemony is trying to push the international community to relapse on this right. These noble values take us back to a black and dark era by surrounding it with many bilateral and regional agreements to deprive the right of resistance of its actual contents, using a vast media machine to distort the facts and falsify the data by presenting The “struggle” is described as “terrorism,” and the “resistance” is defined as “extremist groups,” supported by Western regimes that have not gotten rid of the “spirit of colonialism,” and Arab governments that are subdued and subject to humiliation.

Despite the many international texts and humanitarian conventions that stipulate the right to resistance to ward off aggression, we, in the era of unipolarity, the era of Americanization, and the dominance of one style, need to be reminded of this right, which governments have begun to forget and some intellectuals are omitting from political and cultural literature. This dangerous situation reveals the state of retreat that the global liberation forces are going through, giving way to the hegemonic and colonial powers to regain the positions they lost in their struggle with the national liberation movements and the democratic and progressive forces in the world. The colonial powers and their allies at home are seeking, through regional and international forums, to circumvent this right and destroy it in retaliation for their terrible defeat at the beginning of the sixties and seventies to restore their natural role in enslaving peoples and absorbing their resources.

  • Resolution No. (3103) of 1973 regarding the principles relating to the legal status of fighters who struggle against colonial control, foreign occupation, and racist regimes, not only by granting legitimacy to their work but also by including these fighters by the rules of international law applicable in armed conflicts, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions on war-wounded and their prisoners, and the protection of civilians. This resolution stated that the struggle of people for their right to self-determination and independence is a legitimate struggle that is fully consistent with the principles of international law and that any attempt to suppress the armed struggle is a violation of the Charter of the United Nations, the Declaration of the Principles of International Law and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and that combatants who commit In captivity they must be treated as prisoners of war by the provisions of the Geneva Convention relating to Prisoners of War.
    International resolutions and humanitarian rules apply fully to the resistance movements in Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Somalia, and Ahwaz. International legitimacy gives cover to the heroic actions carried out by those resisting settlement and occupation in Palestine, Iraq, and Somalia… and to those who oppose the war of genocide and destruction and the policy of plundering goods and enslaving peoples… which are practiced against their own people… no matter how much the hegemonic powers try to falsify the facts and distort the will of these occupied peoples. .. The continuation of the occupation makes resistance the legitimate, moral, and civilized response to it, and resistance in all its forms and forms is the scientific method for expelling the remnants of the occupation and reclaiming the usurped land, property, wealth, and rights to their rightful owners.
07.02.2024 0 comment
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Suspending funding to UNRWA amounts to collective punishment...

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Suspending funding to UNRWA amounts to collective punishment of Palestinian refugees and Gaza residents and violates international law.

The suspension of UNRWA funding is considered collective punishment of Palestinian refugees and Gaza residents in light of the war of starvation and genocide.
This comment coincides with the International Court of Justice’s announcement that it took into account the statement of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) regarding the deteriorating humanitarian conditions in the Gaza Strip in consideration of its decision against Israel in the lawsuit filed against it by South Africa, and at a time when the court called for Provide immediate supplies and increase international aid to Gaza after the court ordered Israel to take all possible measures to prevent genocide in Gaza.
Israel and many countries, led by the United States of America, launched an attack.
Against human agency.
We at International Cngrees Shield condemn the suspension of funding for UNRWA and consider it a form of collective punishment.
It is contrary to the principles of international humanitarian law.
The suspension of funding for UNRWA came immediately after the decision of the International Court of Justice, which ordered “Israel” to prevent acts of genocide against the Palestinians and “to make more efforts to help civilians in the Gaza Strip.” The suspension of funding came as retaliation against UNRWA because the court relied on many of Its reports, which revealed the tragedy that the people of Gaza are experiencing due to the aggression and the siege, with numbers and documents.
Suspending UNRWA’s work in the Gaza Strip will have disastrous repercussions on the lives of Palestinians, which are essentially devastating due to the occupation, siege, killing, displacement, Judaization, and genocide.
UNRWA:
UNRWA is an organization established by the United Nations to provide relief to Palestinian refugees who have been suffering from the scourge of war since 1949. This organization works to provide humanitarian and development services to all Palestinian refugees. It works to provide support, protection, and gain support for approximately 5.6 million Palestinian refugees registered with it in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip until a solution to their suffering is found.

01.02.2024 0 comment
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Peacekeeping International Law

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The UN Charter states that maintaining international peace and security is the primary objective of the UN (Article 1.1 of the UN Charter), and the UN Security Council is given direct responsibility for achieving this objective (Article 24).

And if an attempt fails to settle a particular dispute by peaceful means (Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations – Peaceful Settlement of Disputes), the Charter establishes a specific mechanism for the defense of collective security, authorizing the use of coercive measures (Chapter VII – Action regarding threats to peace and violations of peace and acts of aggression). And if necessary, the Security Council can, according to Chapter VII, carry out military operations (Article 42). The original goal was to have a permanent army at the disposal of the Council (Article 43). It was assumed that the Strategic Command would manage a military staff committee ( Articles 46 and 47). However, the committee was never formed, and the Cold War froze any attempts to establish the system as a whole due to the logic of the collision of ideological blocs associated with the significant powers members of the Security Council.

From the outset, the special procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes provided for in Chapter VI were found to be insufficient in open conflict situations. On the other hand, any use of international force provided for under Chapter VII in cases that endanger international peace and security has been hampered by the veto power of the Security Council’s permanent members. The United Nations devised peacekeeping operations in 1956 during the Suez Canal crisis to overcome these obstacles. It was a unique response to a situation not foreseen in the Charter and a remedial measure to replace the use of force. Since there is no judicial basis for these actions, the justification given for these operations is often referred to as the imaginary “Chapter Six and a Half.”

Recently, the Security Council has strengthened its cooperation with regional organizations for crisis resolution, in particular with the West African Economic Community (in Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2003) and with the African Union (in Sudan through the UNAMID since 2007) This is by Articles 52 and 53 of the Charter of the United Nations. In the history of peacekeeping operations, the Security Council has also authorized the use of force for coalitions of states (the Australian-led international party in East Timor in 1999) and other organizations such as NATO (ISAF since 2001) and the African Union (AMISOM). Africans in Somalia since 2007).

Serious failures of some of these missions, such as the massacres of UN-protected people in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, have raised doubts about their work and led to new doctrines on the content and conditions of the use of force to protect the civilian population (see below II.4). It also led to the clarification of the applicability of humanitarian law to peacekeeping operations, whether as combat forces engaged in conflict or as security and stability forces engaged in tasks related to law enforcement and the restoration of public order (below 4).

The Charter of the United Nations assigns the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. However, when it fails to pass a resolution due to the lack of unanimity of the permanent members, the General Assembly can act (Resolution 377 [5] adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950 and entitled “Uniting for Peace”) and in the event of a threat to peace international security, violation of the peace, or aggression. The General Assembly may not resort to force but can study the matter expeditiously and make recommendations to members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. In addition, it can refer the case to the International Court of Justice as it has done several times, notably in 2004, regarding the legal consequences of Israel’s construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories.

→ the International Court of Justice; United Nations Security Council.

10.03.2023 0 comment
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